RUSSIAN POLITICAL SYSTEM

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INTRODUCTION

Unlike the American political system  and the British political system which essentially have existed in their current form for centuries, the current German political system is a much more recent construct dating from 1949 when the American, British and French zones of occupation were consolidated into the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany). In 1990, the former German Democratic Republic (East Germany) joined the Federal Republic.

However, the 1949 constitution embraces a central feature of the original German constitution of 1871 - which brought together Prussia with Europe's other German states (except Austria) - and the Weimar Constitution of 1919 - which involved a sharing of power between the central government and local L&#228nder (states) - namely a disperal of authority between different levels of goverment. So the Basic Law (Grundgesetz) of 1949 deliberately distributes power between the central government and the L&#228nder.

Political Force : PowerPoint

USES OF FORCES

The Uses of Forces : International Relations

Political Use of Force:

The use of force represents partial failure of policy. The exception is the case in which fighting is valued for its own sake – when it is believed that war brings heroic values and purifies individuals and cultures, or when fighting is seen as entertainment.

Because of the high cost of violence, the use of force is tempered by restraints and bargaining. Only when everything is good for one side is bad for the other do the opponents gains nothing by bargaining. In most case, certain outcomes are clearly bad for both sides; therefore, even though they are at war, each side shares an interest in avoiding them

There are three factors largely account for increasing destructiveness of the wars of the last two centuries. First, the steady technological improvement in weaponry. Second, the growth in the capacity, and thus the need, of states to field ever larger number f of forces. Third, the gradual democratization of war: the expansion of the battlefield and hence the indiscriminate mass killing of non-combatants.

The Finest City : San Diego

PowerPoint Report in American Government:

Pol Sci 1o8

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